Among many delightful features of “The Land of Smiles,” a popularity associated with this lush land is the myriad of tropical and temperate fruits produced in Thailand. From seasonal fruit crops, such as mangoes, durians, and rambutans, to year-round crops including pineapples, papayas, and jackfruits, Thai fruits are plentiful throughout the entire year. The abundant fruit industry throughout Thailand continues to play an integral role in the export sector, making many of these delicacies available worldwide.

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BANANA or "Kluai"
Bananas are available all year round. The most common varieties grown in Thailand are:

Kluai Hom - Fragrant Banana
Ripe fragrant bananas are a popular all-day snack. It goes well with breakfast cereals and is ideal for making banana fritters, cakes and ice-cream.

Kluai Khai - The Egg Banana
Has a thinner golden-yellow skin when ripe. It is eaten fresh or cooked in a light syrup. It is also popular as dried banana, candy, or cake.

Kluai Nam Wa -
Sticky and sweet when ripe, Kluai Nam Wa is valued for its high nutritional value. It is often used in a dessert known as Kluai Buat Chee in which slices of banana are cooked in coconut milk. It is also a key ingredient of steamed desserts made with glutinous rice, or rice flour, such as in Khao Tom Mut or Khanom Kluai.

Kluai Hak Mook
A cooking banana that is delicious when roasted or grilled.

Banana blossoms known as "Hua Plee" are used fresh as a garnish for the famous Pad Thai noodle dish, used in Thai salads or yam, or eaten raw as a salad vegetable served with chilli dips called nam prik.

DURIAN or "Turian"
Peak season: May to August

Considered to be the 'King of Thai Fruits', Thais prefer a durian that is just ripe. The flesh should be slightly soft to the touch but without being crunchy.

Durian is without a doubt, an acquired taste. For the first taste of durian, Mon Tong or the Golden Pillow Durian with its light creamy texture is the mildest of the durians and is widely available throughout Thailand.

Alternatively some of the other milder options include Durian ice-cream or Khao Nieow Turian - Sticky Rice topped with durian meat cooked in a coconut cream sauce, and Turian Kuan, a preserved durian toffee, or jams.

Kahn Yaow or the Long-Stem Durian with firmer yellow flesh and Chanee or Gibbon Durian with its golden yellow flesh have a richer and more distinctive flavour and is much sought after by true durian connoisseurs, although in the city, it is becoming an increasingly rare commodity.

The best durian is judged by the thickness of the flesh and the size of its seed.
(The smaller the seed relative to the amount of flesh, the better.)

Durian ripens quickly in the hot tropical climate. As the fruit ripens, the flesh takes on a creamy consistency and the intensity of the aroma increases. (Given this lingering and at times overwhelming aroma, durian is banned from hotel rooms, cinemas, aircraft, limousines, coaches and vans.)

The best durian are from the orchards of the Eastern provinces of Thailand namely Rayong, Trat, Prachin Buri, Chanthaburi and Surat and Chumphon in southern Thailand.

LANGSAT
Peak season: July to September

The oval-shaped Langsat is native to Thailand. Peel back the light yellowish-brown skin to expose small, plump segments of translucent flesh. Some contain seeds. Perfectly ripened plump langsat have a delicate refreshing sweet-and-sour taste and
a fragrant aroma. Very young langsat tend to be very sour.

It is grown in Uttaradit Province in Northern Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani, Chumphon, Trang and Songkhla in the south.

LONGKONG
Peak season: July to September

Of the same family as the langsat, the rounder longkong has thicker skin with less sap making it easier to peel. It is more fragrant and noticeably sweeter. With longkong being the connoisseur's choice, it is slightly more expensive.

All Thai mangoes are sweet, juicy, and fragrant, when ripe. However the "Nam Dawk Mai" and "Ok Long" variety are best known. They are the favourite choices as dessert fruit or as "Mango and Sticky (glutinous) Rice", a popular dessert during the peak of the mango season in the summer.

"Ma-muang Keow Savoey" and "Ma-muang Rat" are also delicious as ripe mango but Thais prefer to enjoy both of these as raw mango served with a dry salt-and-sugar dip seasoned with crushed chilli called prik kab kleua or a savoury chilli dip prepared by blending palm sugar with fish sauce heated to a caramel-like consistency called nam pla wan.

Green Keow Savoey is sweet and has a powdery texture, while Ma-muang Rat is predominantly sour with a hint of sweet.

Raw mangoes add a more delicate sour flavour to dishes and are featured in Thai salads such as Yam Ma-muang and in chilli dips.

Thai mangoes come in many other preserved forms such as delicious mango ice-cream, or pickled mango - Ma-muang Dong, Ma-muang Chae-Im or dried mango, and Ma-muang Kuan.

Mangos are a major fruit crop in Sakhon Nakhon province in Northern Thailand, Yasothon, Si Sa Ket and Chaiyaphum in Northeastern Thailand, Ratchaburi and Chon Buri in Central Thailand, and Prachin Buri in Eastern Thailand.

THAI ORANGE or "Som"
Peak season:
September to February for the tangerine or "Som Keow Wan"
September to November for the Sweet Orange

Fresh Thai tangerines have a highly aromatic thin greenish-yellow peel and are refreshingly sweet when ripe, perfect when served as fresh fruit or as a juice or cocktail mixer. To make the most of its delicate refreshing taste, oranges are served in a very light syrup on crushed ice.

Native to Thailand and Southeast Asia, pomelo is the Asian equivalent of grapefruit, but significantly larger in size. The green peel is aromatic.

The sweet and juicy champagne pink flesh of Som O Thong Dee or Brilliant Gold Pomelo and the virtually translucent and crisper flesh of Som O Khao Hom or Fragrant Rice Pomelo are considered to be the best of Thai pomelo.

Because of its light tangy flavour, Som O Khao Hom adds a delicate harmonious flavour to Thai salads or yam.

Pomelo is grown in the orchards of the lower North and Central region, particularly in Nakhon Pathom province, and in the provinces of Surat Thani and Trang in Southern Thailand.

TROPICAL FRUITS GROWN IN THAILAND

CARAMBOLA STAR-FRUIT or "Ma Feung"
Peak season: October to December

The star-shaped carambola is not a native species but is grown throughout Thailand. Ripe star-fruit is sweet and juicy with a hint of sour making star-fruit excellent for quenching thirst. It is often served as a refreshing fruit juice. It can also be served in slices with a dry salt-and-granulated sugar dip seasoned with crushed chilli called prik kaab kleua, or with a savoury chilli dip prepared with palm sugar and fish sauce heated to a caramel-like consistency called nam pla wan.

The soft white pulpy flesh of ripe custard apple is intensely sweet and can be scooped out with a spoon with relative ease. The seeds can be separated from the flesh with a spoon or knife. Ripened custard apple flesh can be blended with coconut milk to make a light, delicious ice-cream.

GRAPE or "Aa-Ngoon"
Grapes are available all year round but are at their best between April and September
The provinces of Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon are known for their
grapes.

GUAVA or "Farang"
The word "farang" in Thai means foreigner and gives it away that guava is not a native species. Indigenous to tropical America, it was brought into the kingdom by traders in the 17^th century. Guava is grown primarily in the Central Plains and is available all year round.

Crunchy raw guava is served with a dry salt-and-granulated sugar dip seasoned with crushed chilli called prik kab kleua or a savoury chilli dip prepared by blending palm sugar with fish sauce heated to a caramel-like consistency called nam pla wan.

The creative use of guava is gaining popularity and is frequently used as an alternative to papaya in Som Tam - the papaya salad and in Thai salads or yam.

JACKFRUIT or "Kanoon"
Peak season: January to May

Jackfruit becomes sweeter as it ripens. When served chilled, the chewy flesh has a crunchier texture to it.

Given its natural sweetness and fragrance, jackfruit is often used as a topping to enhance a wide range of Thai desserts such as a rich traditional home-made coconut ice-cream, Ruam Mitr - a light dessert with young coconut meat, an assortment of cooked strips of rice flour, syrup and a dash of coconut milk topped with shaved ice, or Jackfruit served with Sticky Rice, plain and simple. Deep-fried jackfruit is also a popular snack and dessert. Jackfruit ice-cream is gaining popularity.

A versatile fruit, every part of the jackfruit is edible and leaves, flowers and seeds are featured in savoury dishes such as curries or served with nam prik chilli dips.

The provinces of Chonburi, Uttaradit, Nakhon Ratchasima are famous for their jackfruit.

JUJUBE or "Put-Sa"
Peak season: February to September

Put-sa (or jujube) is oval-shaped and green. The outer peel gradually turns into a light golden yellow as it ripens. Like freshly-picked Golden Delicious apple, its flesh is crisp and crunchy. To offset the slightly tart taste of fresh jujube, the entire fruit is dipped into a dry salt-and-granulated sugar dip seasoned with crushed chilli.

Put-sa is pickled in light brine and served with the salt-and-sugar dip, preserved in syrup, candied, dried or baked. It is a popular garnish as it can be easily carved into dainty leaf or floral shapes.

It is grown in the provinces of the Central Plains particularly in Phichit and Sukhothai.

LONGAN or "Lam Yai"
Peak season: June to August

Longan has a thin brittle olive-brown outer shell that is easy to crack open.
In the Bieow Keow variety commonly found in fruit stalls, markets and supermarkets, the smooth translucent flesh that surrounds the round black seed is juicier and exceptionally sweet. In the See Chompoo variety, the light champagne pink flesh is noticeably crisp.

Longan is usually eaten fresh but is also popular when served as a dessert called Khao Nieow Lam Yai - a fragrant rice pudding cooked in coconut milk. Dried longan is double-boiled and served as a refreshing Chinese-style tea, hot or with crushed ice. Canned longan is simply served with crushed ice.

Grown in the Northern provinces of Chiang Mai and Lamphun, Longan is exported fresh, canned and dried to Europe, the United States and Asia.

LYCHEES or "Lin Chee"
Peak season: April to June

Prime grade fresh lychees are large in size with a thicker bright red skin. Lychees with thick, succulent flesh surrounding a relatively small seed, such as in the "Hong Huai" and "Chakrapat" (Emperor lychees), are considered to be the best quality. These are predominantly sweet. However for those who prefer flavourful lychees with a sharper taste, look out for oval-shaped lychees with brittle skin. These are sweet and slightly sour.

There is tremendous worldwide demand for this exotic dessert fruit and Thai lychees are one of Thailand's leading economic crops ranking high on the list of top exports shipped to all corners of the globe in a variety of forms - fresh, dried, frozen, and canned, as well as lychee juice or wine. Lychees are primarily grown in the Central Plains and in Northern Thailand.

Considered to be the "Queen of Tropical Fruits", there are five or six small segments of white flesh contained within the hard, dark reddish purple outer shell. When ripe, the outer shell yields to slight pressure and cracks easily to reveal the soft, white flesh with a refreshing sweet and tangy taste.

To avoid crushing the delicate flesh within, it is best to make a continuous clean cut around the circumference by turning the mangosteen clockwise or counter-clockwise through the dark beetroot-coloured pith but without cutting through the flesh.

PAPAYA or "Malakaw"

Papaya grows all over Thailand and is available all year round but ideal conditions in the provinces of Southwest Thailand namely Chumphon, Ratchaburi and Prachuab Khiri Khan, it is cultivated on a large scale as an economic crop.

It is widely consumed as fresh fruit but is also featured in Thai cuisine in dishes such as the Papaya Salad - Som Tam, a light curry without coconut milk called Kaeng Som, or boiled and served with nam prik, a chilli dip.

PINEAPPLE or "Sapparote"
Peak season: April to June and December and January

There are two distinct varieties of pineapple grown in Thailand. An extremely sweet and succulent pineapple with softer lemon-yellow pulp called the Siracha pineapple and a crunchy pineapple with a delicate sweet taste. A pinch of salt is often rubbed into freshly cut pineapple to offset its bite.

The Siracha and Phuket pineapples flourish in the South in the provinces of Surat Thani and Hua Hin. A new variety of miniature Phuket pineapples are now grown at The Royal Project experimental agricultural stations in northern Thailand.

Thailand is one of Southeast Asia's largest producer and exporter of pineapples in the form of canned pineapple and juice. Excess pineapple is also sun-dried, and processed into jams, chewy toffee and candy.

As fragrant pineapple adds natural sweetness and contributes to the harmony of flavours that is the distinctive quality of Thai cuisine, it is commonly used as a flavouring or garnish in savoury dishes, for example, pineapple curries such as Kaeng Sapparote, Saow Nam or Khao Ob Sapparote - Rice Baked in Pineapple.

RAMBUTAN or "Ngoh"
Peak Peak season: May to September

In Thailand, there are two varieties of rambutan, a fruit with a thick and hairy outer skin. "Ngoh Rong Rian" has sweet, succulent flesh that clings to the seed, while the oval-shaped Si Chompoo, the "pink" rambutan, has crisp, white flesh that comes off the seed easily.

Rambutan orchards are commonly found in Chanthaburi and the provinces of the South.

SAPODILLA or "Lamoot"
Peak Peak season: September to December Chon Buri, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Sukhothai, Nakhon Sawan

While oval-shaped Sapodilla is a dessert fruit that resembles Kiwi Fruit in its external appearance, it has smooth brownish skin instead. Sapodilla that is just ripe is slightly soft to the touch and is easily peeled with a knife. The caramel brown Sapodilla flesh is fragrant, honey-flavoured, slightly gritty and somewhat crisp. As it ripens further, Sapodilla becomes extremely sweet and increasingly juicy. Some say it tastes like fig. When at its best, Sapodilla is the favourite choice for fruit-carving.

WATER MELON or "Taeng Mo"
Peak season: October to March

Scooped into balls for garnishing or served as a refreshing snack, fruit juice, sorbet, or salads, Thai water melons are said to be the best in the world in terms of its flavour and texture.

The variety with dark, green skin has rich red flesh that is sweet and juicy, and crisp when well-chilled. Its texture is slightly gritty. The variety with light green skin and alternating dark stripes has sweet, juicy yellow flesh. Given the thickness of its skin, water melons are frequently featured in fruit-carving.

Little goes to waste, Kaeng Som Taeng Mo Lek, a light sweet-and-sour hot soup prepared with young melon and served with a side dish of deep-fried dried freshwater fish pounded into a coarse, crunchy powder, offers a tasty alternative to the thicker coconut curries. Dried melon kernels are also a popular snack and appetizer.

Water melons are grown in the provinces of Roi Et, Yasothon, Ratchaburi and Samut Sakhon.

YOUNG COCONUT or "Mapraow Onn"
Peak Peak season: September to December
Chon Buri, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Sukhothai, Nakhon Sawan

Available all year round, the cool light refreshing juice of fresh young coconuts is a popular "Welcome Drink" and mixer for exotic tropical cocktails. The tender, white flesh is edible and can be easily scooped out with a spoon. It is often featured as a key ingredient in light desserts served with crushed or shaved ice and topped with coconut milk.

As the coconut matures, the kernel becomes solid and the flesh is grated to make coconut cream, an integral ingredient in Thai cuisine used as a base for curries and desserts such as Sankhaya - Coconut Custard, Khanom Kroke - Coconut Pancakes and Kluai Buat Chee - banana slices cooked in coconut milk.

The followings are links from ;

• The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives http://www.thaicooperative.com/download/fruits.pdf
• The Tourism Authority of Thailand http://www.thailandguidebook.com/fruits.html that provide descriptions of many of the popular fruits found in Thailand